Geography

Nature of geography, scale (statement, ratio, linear), grid references (four-figure, six-figure), contour interpretation, relief, gradient, and cross-sections.

Shape, size, proofs of the Earth's sphericity, rotation and revolution, day and night, seasons, longitudes, standard time, and internal crust structure.

Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks; mode of formation, characteristics, rock cycle, and economic importance in Ghana.

Mechanical/physical, chemical, and biological weathering; factors influencing weathering; mass wasting: soil creep, mudflow, and landslides in Ghana.

Stages of a river (upper, middle, lower course), river erosion, transportation, deposition features, and the drainage system of Ghana.

Elements of weather and instruments, factors controlling climate, air masses in West Africa (cT vs. mT), the ITCZ, and the Köppen system.

Tropical rainforest, Guinea savanna, Sudan savanna, Sahel, coastal savanna, mangrove swamps; soil types (laterites), and desertification.

Factors influencing population distribution, rural-urban drift, urbanization challenges in Accra and Kumasi, demographic transition, and census data.

Subsistence vs. commercial farming, cocoa and oil palm cultivation, timber extraction, gold and bauxite mining, and the menace of illegal mining (galamsey).

Road, railway, maritime, and air transport; domestic and international trade; ECOWAS, AfCFTA, and obstacles to regional commercial integration.

Internal earth processes, plate boundaries (convergent, divergent, transform), intrusive and extrusive volcanic landforms, earthquakes, and seismic fault zones in Ghana.

Marine erosion (hydraulic action, corrasion, attrition, solution), erosional landforms (cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks), depositional features, and coastal management in Ghana.

Rural settlement patterns (nucleated, dispersed, linear), urban settlement functions, Central Place Theory, rapid urban growth in Ghana, push/pull factors, and urban management.