History

Nature and importance of history, primary vs. secondary sources, oral tradition, archaeology, linguistics, and written records.

Physical geography, linguistic classification, origins, migrations, and settlement patterns of major ethnic groups in Ghana.

Traditional political systems: centralized kingdoms vs. acephalous societies, the chieftaincy institution, queen mothers, and military wings.

Trade routes, commodities (gold, salt, kola, slaves), organization of caravans, silent barter, introduction of Islam, and rise of empires.

Arrival of the Portuguese, Dutch, English, and Danes; construction of coastal forts and castles; early commercial and cultural exchange.

Origins, the Triangular Trade system, capture, Middle Passage, social-economic devastation in Ghana, and the abolition struggle.

The Bond of 1844, Poll Tax Ordinance of 1852, Sagrenti War of 1874, British annexation, and the Yaa Asantewaa War of 1900.

Early nationalist protests, the 1948 Accra Riots, the Watson Commission, formation of the UGCC (1947) and CPP (1949), and 'Self-Government Now'.

Positive Action (1950), 1951 General Elections, Nkrumah's premiership, the 1954 and 1956 elections, March 6 1957 independence, and the 1960 Republic.

The 1966 overthrow of Nkrumah, Second Republic (1969), 1972 coup, AFRC (1979), PNDC era, and transition to the 1992 Fourth Republic.

Origins at Mankessim, the Anglo-Dutch exchange of forts, the 1871 Constitution, modernizing agenda, and British sabotage.

Spread of Islam, Wangara and Hausa traders, Samori Ture's resistance against French/British, Babatu's raids, and impact on chieftaincy.

Lord Lugard's Dual Mandate, Native Administration Ordinances, Native Authority courts, treasury reforms, opposition from the educated elite.

Basel, Wesleyan/Methodist, Bremen, and Roman Catholic missions; educational contributions, linguistic/vernacular orthography, agriculture, and cultural clashes.

Tetteh Quarshie and the cocoa revolution, mining concessions, railway construction, timber industry, and cash-crop export dependency.

Origins of Pan-Africanism, the 1945 Manchester Congress, George Padmore, W.E.B. Du Bois in Accra, and the 1958 All-African Peoples' Conference.

The ex-servicemen march to Christianborg Castle, shooting at the Crossroads, looting of AWAM stores, arrest of the Big Six, and findings of the Watson Commission.

State formation in the Western Sudan, gold-salt trade, Mansa Musa's pilgrimage, Timbuktu as a center of scholarship, Sunni Ali, and the fall of Songhai.

Return to constitutional democracy in 1992, key elections, historic alternation of power between NDC and NPP, Supreme Court petitions, and democratic consolidation.