Integrated Science

The scientific method, safety precautions and hazard symbols in the laboratory, SI base and derived units, and high-precision instruments: vernier calipers and micrometer screw gauges.

Ultra-structure of plant and animal cells, organelle functions (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes), specialized cells, and membrane transport (diffusion, osmosis, and active transport).

Kinetic theory of matter, states of matter (solids, liquids, gases), Brownian motion, diffusion, and phase changes (melting, vaporization, condensation, freezing, sublimation).

Subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons), atomic number, mass number, isotopes, electron configuration (first 20 elements), groups, periods, and periodic trends (atomic radius, electronegativity, ionization energy).

Ionic (electrovalent) bonding, covalent bonding, metallic bonding, writing chemical formulas using valency, balancing chemical equations, and physical properties of bonded substances.

Distance, displacement, speed, velocity, uniform acceleration, graphical analysis of motion, Newton’s three laws of motion, momentum, friction, and circular motion basics.

Work done by a force, forms of energy, kinetic and gravitational potential energy, law of conservation of energy, power calculations, and renewable vs non-renewable energy in Ghana.

Mechanical Advantage (MA), Velocity Ratio (VR), Efficiency (η), classes of levers (1st, 2nd, 3rd class), inclined planes, wheel and axle, and pulley systems.

Density of regular and irregular solids, density of liquids, relative density using hydrometers, Archimedes’ principle, upthrust, and the law of flotation.

Ecosystem components (biotic and abiotic factors), trophic levels, food chains, food webs, ecological pyramids, symbiotic relationships (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism), and nutrient cycles (carbon and nitrogen cycles).

Properties of acids and bases, Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry definitions, pH scale, chemical indicators, neutralization reactions, salt preparation methods, and acid-base volumetric titration.

Sources of water in Ghana, stages of municipal water treatment, physical and chemical tests for pure water, causes and effects of water hardness (temporary vs permanent), and softening methods.

Physical and chemical composition of soil, soil profile horizons, physical properties (texture, structure, porosity, water-holding capacity), sandy vs clayey vs loamy soils, soil erosion causes, types, and conservation methods.

Classification of crops, site selection, land preparation, nursery practices, planting methods, cultural practices (weeding, thinning, supplying, pricking out, staking, mulching), pest and disease management, harvesting, and post-harvest storage.

Pathogens and vectors, infectious vs non-infectious diseases, life cycles and control of disease vectors (mosquito, housefly, tsetse fly), water-borne diseases (cholera, typhoid), malaria pathogenesis, and modern sanitation waste management.